In road, urban planning, and infrastructure projects, protecting the surfaces of slopes and channels from water erosion is a constant challenge. Traditional solutions have often been limited to the use of rigid concrete linings. Although these alternatives provide an initial impermeable barrier, they tend to be costly, disrupt the environmental balance, and generate runoff…

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Undermining is one of the most critical phenomena affecting slopes, riverbanks, canals, bridge abutments, and hydraulic structures exposed to the constant action of bodies of water. This process occurs when the velocity and shear stress of the water flow dislodge and carry away soil particles, weakening the base of the…

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